Loops and iteration

Loops offer a quick and easy way to do something repeatedly. This chapter of the JavaScript Guide introduces the different iteration statements available to JavaScript.

You can think of a loop as a computerized version of the game where you tell someone to take X steps in one direction, then Y steps in another. For example, the idea “Go five steps to the east” could be expressed this way as a loop:

for (let step = 0; step < 5; step++) { // Runs 5 times, with values of step 0 through 4. console.log(‘Walking east one step’); }

There are many different kinds of loops, but they all essentially do the same thing: they repeat an action some number of times. (Note that it’s possible that number could be zero!) The various loop mechanisms offer different ways to determine the start and end points of the loop. There are various situations that are more easily served by one type of loop over the others.

The statements for loops provided in JavaScript are:

for statement do…while statement while statement labeled statement break statement continue statement for…in statement for…of statement

for statement

A for loop repeats until a specified condition evaluates to false. for ([initialExpression]; [conditionExpression]; [incrementExpression]) statement When a for loop executes, the following occurs:

The initializing expression initialExpression, if any, is executed. This expression usually initializes one or more loop counters, but the syntax allows an expression of any degree of complexity. This expression can also declare variables. The conditionExpression expression is evaluated. If the value of conditionExpression is true, the loop statements execute. If the value of condition is false, the for loop terminates. (If the condition expression is omitted entirely, the condition is assumed to be true.) The statement executes. To execute multiple statements, use a block statement ({ … }) to group those statements. If present, the update expression incrementExpression is executed. Control returns to Step 2.

do…while statement

The do…while statement repeats until a specified condition evaluates to false.

A do…while statement looks as follows:

do statement while (condition);

statement is always executed once before the condition is checked. (To execute multiple statements, use a block statement ({ … }) to group those statements.)

If condition is true, the statement executes again. At the end of every execution, the condition is checked. When the condition is false, execution stops, and control passes to the statement following do…while.

Example In the following example, the do loop iterates at least once and reiterates until i is no longer less than 5.

let i = 0; do { i += 1; console.log(i); } while (i < 5);

while statement

A while statement executes its statements as long as a specified condition evaluates to true. A while statement looks as follows:

while (condition) statement

If the *condition *becomes false, statement within the loop stops executing and control passes to the statement following the loop.

The condition test occurs before statement in the loop is executed. If the condition returns true, statement is executed and the condition is tested again. If the condition returns false, execution stops, and control is passed to the statement following while.

To execute multiple statements, use a block statement ({ … }) to group those statements.

Example 1 The following while loop iterates as long as n is less than 3:

let n = 0; let x = 0; while (n < 3) { n++; x += n; }

With each iteration, the loop increments n and adds that value to x. Therefore, x and n take on the following values:

After the first pass: n = 1 and x = 1 After the second pass: n = 2 and x = 3 After the third pass: n = 3 and x = 6 After completing the third pass, the condition n < 3 is no longer true, so the loop terminates.

Example 2 Avoid infinite loops. Make sure the condition in a loop eventually becomes false—otherwise, the loop will never terminate! The statements in the following while loop execute forever because the condition never becomes false:

labeled statement

A label provides a statement with an identifier that lets you refer to it elsewhere in your program. For example, you can use a label to identify a loop, and then use the break or continue statements to indicate whether a program should interrupt the loop or continue its execution.

The syntax of the labeled statement looks like the following:

label : statement

The value of label may be any JavaScript identifier that is not a reserved word. The statement that you identify with a label may be any statement.

Example In this example, the label markLoop identifies a while loop.

markLoop: while (theMark === true) { doSomething(); }

break statement

Use the break statement to terminate a loop, switch, or in conjunction with a labeled statement.

When you use break without a label, it terminates the innermost enclosing while, do-while, for, or switch immediately and transfers control to the following statement. When you use break with a label, it terminates the specified labeled statement. The syntax of the break statement looks like this:

break; break [label];

The first form of the syntax terminates the innermost enclosing loop or switch. The second form of the syntax terminates the specified enclosing labeled statement. Example 1 The following example iterates through the elements in an array until it finds the index of an element whose value is theValue:

for (let i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { if (a[i] === theValue) { break; } }

Example 2: Breaking to a label let x = 0; let z = 0; labelCancelLoops: while (true) { console.log(‘Outer loops: ‘ + x); x += 1; z = 1; while (true) { console.log(‘Inner loops: ‘ + z); z += 1; if (z === 10 && x === 10) { break labelCancelLoops; } else if (z === 10) { break; } } }

continue statement

The continue statement can be used to restart a while, do-while, for, or label statement.

When you use continue without a label, it terminates the current iteration of the innermost enclosing while, do-while, or for statement and continues execution of the loop with the next iteration. In contrast to the break statement, continue does not terminate the execution of the loop entirely. In a while loop, it jumps back to the condition. In a for loop, it jumps to the increment-expression. When you use continue with a label, it applies to the looping statement identified with that label. The syntax of the continue statement looks like the following:

continue [label]; Example 1 The following example shows a while loop with a continue statement that executes when the value of i is 3. Thus, n takes on the values 1, 3, 7, and 12.

let i = 0; let n = 0; while (i < 5) { i++; if (i === 3) { continue; } n += i; console.log(n); } //1,3,7,12

let i = 0; let n = 0; while (i < 5) { i++; if (i === 3) { // continue; } n += i; console.log(n); } // 1,3,6,10,15

Example 2 A statement labeled checkiandj contains a statement labeled checkj. If continue is encountered, the program terminates the current iteration of checkj and begins the next iteration. Each time continue is encountered, checkj reiterates until its condition returns false. When false is returned, the remainder of the checkiandj statement is completed, and checkiandj reiterates until its condition returns false. When false is returned, the program continues at the statement following checkiandj.

If continue had a label of checkiandj, the program would continue at the top of the checkiandj statement.

for…in statement

The for…in statement iterates a specified variable over all the enumerable properties of an object. For each distinct property, JavaScript executes the specified statements. A for…in statement looks as follows:

for (variable in object) statement

Example The following function takes as its argument an object and the object’s name. It then iterates over all the object’s properties and returns a string that lists the property names and their values.

function dump_props(obj, obj_name) { let result = ‘’; for (let i in obj) { result += obj_name + ‘.’ + i + ‘ = ‘ + obj[i] + ‘
’; } result += ‘<hr>’; return result; }

For an object car with properties make and model, result would be:

car.make = Ford car.model = Mustang

Arrays

Although it may be tempting to use this as a way to iterate over Array elements, the for…in statement will return the name of your user-defined properties in addition to the numeric indexes.

Therefore, it is better to use a traditional for loop with a numeric index when iterating over arrays, because the for…in statement iterates over user-defined properties in addition to the array elements, if you modify the Array object (such as adding custom properties or methods).

for…of statement

The for…of statement creates a loop Iterating over iterable objects (including Array, Map, Set, arguments object and so on), invoking a custom iteration hook with statements to be executed for the value of each distinct property.

for (variable of object) statement

The following example shows the difference between a for…of loop and a for…in loop. While for…in iterates over property names, for…of iterates over property values:

const arr = [3, 5, 7]; arr.foo = ‘hello’;

for (let i in arr) { console.log(i); // logs “0”, “1”, “2”, “foo” }

for (let i of arr) { console.log(i); // logs 3, 5, 7 }

Operators

JavaScript has the following types of operators. Assignment operators Comparison operators Arithmetic operators Bitwise operators Logical operators String operators Conditional (ternary) operator Comma operator Unary operators Relational operators

JavaScript has both binary and unary operators, and one special ternary operator, the conditional operator. A binary operator requires two operands, one before the operator and one after the operator:

operand1 operator operand2 For example, 3+4 or x*y.

A unary operator requires a single operand, either before or after the operator:

operator operand =or

operand operator For example, x++ or ++x.

Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand. The simple assignment operator is equal (=), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x.

There are also compound assignment operators that are shorthand for the operations listed in the following table:

Name Shorthand operator Meaning Assignment x = y x = y Addition assignment x += y x = x + y Subtraction assignment x -= y x = x - y Multiplication assignment x *= y x = x * y Division assignment x /= y x = x / y Remainder assignment x %= y x = x % y Exponentiation assignment x **= y x = x ** y Left shift assignment x «= y x = x « y Right shift assignment x »= y x = x » y Unsigned right shift assignment x »>= y x = x »> y Bitwise AND assignment x &= y x = x & y Bitwise XOR assignment x ^= y x = x ^ y Bitwise OR assignment x |= y x = x | y Logical AND assignment x &&= y x && (x = y) Logical OR assignment x ||= y x || (x = y) Logical nullish assignment x ??= y x ?? (x = y)

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